Character Growth in Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart of Darkne

Character Growth in Conrad's Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness explores the intellectual, emotional and moral growth of characters throughout the novella. This character growth has been a recurring theme in literature, with the poet William Blake, among many others, exploring theories of the movement between innocence to experience. Although Conrad does not strictly address character growth in this manner, characters that do and do not undergo psychological growth are portrayed quite differently. Those who undergo these psychological changes are portrayed favorably, that is Marlow, the frame narrator, and Kurtz. These characters throughout the novel undergo significant change, for some it is gradual (Marlow), but for others such as Kurtz, this growth or realization occurs rapidly, and almost too late. While European colonialists - characters that do not grow, or remain at the stagnant psychological level - are used to represent the anti-colonialism theme to the readers. Conrad utilizes c haracters, and their psychological growth (or lack of growth) to distance himself from the narrative and endorse or criticize many themes that would be seen as revolutionary in the context of its publication. A large gap is then depicted between the characters who grow, portrayed as "enlightened" beings, and the pilgrims and European colonialists, who are seen in a colonial point of view as perfect examples of good, however portrayed by Conrad as stagnant, "Hollow men", whose aims and ideals are criticized.       The frame narrator, although not a major character in the novella, undergoes significant psychological growth throughout the text. This growth can be broadly divided into three phases - the initia... ...hed ways of thinking, have a faà §ade of bringing culture and progress to a world devoid of these elements, yet are merely "hollow men". They are merely acting as products for the indefinable aims of colonialism and in turn, move the readership to reject their ideals, emphasize the "enlightened" (those who grow) and encourage a similar psychological journey of the readership.          Bibliography    Conrad, J. (1995). Heart of Darkness. London: Penguin Group.    Dintenfass, M. (1996, March) Heart of Darkness Lecture. [WWW document]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   URL http://www.lawrence.edu    Maes-Jelinek, H. Notes on Heart of Darkness    Moon, B. (1992). Literary Terms A practical Glossary. Perth: Chalkface Press P/L    Analysis of Major Characters. [WWW document]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   URL http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/heart/characteranalysis.htm      

Psychoanalysis of Crime Essay

An individual’s sense of self has always been an issue that fascinated people. Under the notion that most people enjoy talking about themselves, the realm of psychology opened its doors to investigate the underlying conditions that make people who they are and how they perceive others and the world. Many theories have been developed in order to understand the complexities that make up the human psyche and it is in this aspect that this paper will center upon. The theory which I have chosen for this particular case study is the Psychoanalytic theory by Sigmund Freud and I believe this theory will address most of the behavioral patterns that the subject is situated in. Freud’s psychoanalytic style in examining an individual’s motives for behavior has established the grounds for in-depth analysis into a person’s psyche and though it has its limitation, it offers a refreshing viewpoint as to why such behaviors have endured and its significance to an individual’s interpretation of the world (Shoham, 1993). Psychoanalysis has helped in putting into perspective the many ways in which behaviors of an individual or groups of individuals could be determined by the examining their upbringing and isolating internal and external desires. One of the major conjectures of psychoanalysis is that individuals are inherently sinful and they are controlled by certain instincts which are buried in one’s subconscious. The psychoanalytic theory attempts to realize these internal desires in order to determine the right kind of action in which the individual might be able to control a problematic behavior from recurring (Elliott, 2002). In order to see the application of the psychoanalytical theory, a brief background of the case study should be presented to comprehend the situation. The case study involves a twenty-eight year old man named Bert who was convicted of committing larceny. In the article, Bert was condemned to serve a four year sentence in prison with eighteen months non-parole. Admitting to the crime he had committed, he was said to have been accompanied by two accomplices whom he knew from his previous prison sentence. It was relayed that Bert had entered a pub one night and was approached by the two accomplices who urged him to join them rob a factory. Nine weeks before the incident, Bert was out of prison after serving a year in prison for getting caught with stolen goods. In Freud’s Division of the mind, he enlists the concept of the Id, Superego and Ego. The Id is supposed to uphold the baser instincts that are present in each individual. It dispenses on the precepts of pleasure to satisfy the innate wants of the individual. The Superego comprises the ethical or moral aspect of the individual that appeals to an ideal sense of being. The Ego is said to be the balancing aspect of the individual’s personality as it maintains the needs and wants of both the Id and the Superego. The Ego represents the awareness of an individual regarding his/her state of being (Shoham, 1993). If the processes that harmonize these three should ever be disrupted, it would render uneasiness to the individual’s psyche and cause him/her to employ some defense mechanisms that would be able to shield the ego. The psychoanalysis in Bert’s case encompasses a great deal of struggle between his superego and id, as can be denoted when he points out that he is frustrated with himself for not being able to avoid criminal activities. This is described as an over-developed superego, which imposes an excessive need for punishment with regard to the things the individual has wrongly committed or the unpleasant experiences that has brought misery into the individual’s life (Shoham, 1993). In the text, Bert was said to have grown-up in a dysfunctional family and that his absentee father was also a criminal who often displayed a violent attitude towards the family whenever he was home. In this aspect, Bert’s rationale on punishing himself was an act of regression in an early state of his life that involved his father (Shoham, 1993). The illegal acts Bert has committed during his early teens and the subsequent trips to juvenile and adult institutions has led him to think that he should be penalized for the things that he has done and for belonging to a family that breeds criminals.. In a sense, Bert might be trying to compensate for his father’s mistake of abandoning his children with regard to his wife and kids and most especially, his brothers and sister. This kind of rationalization instills tension into his being, which makes him unconsciously commit illegal activities despite his efforts to reform his life (Shoham, 1993). As a result of this conflict, Bert reasons out in a defying way that even though he acknowledges his wrongdoing, he believes that it is under the influence of alcohol and the two conspirators with him the night of the criminal activity. Bert also pointed out that the long sentence designated to the criminal act that he had committed was a bit unreasonable since he only stole goods from a factory and not a private residence. Based on these statements, Bert had shown feelings of contradiction between his guilt for what he had done and his comprehension of the situation as he puts the blame on other sources in lieu of himself. In the case study, Bert was thought of to be a pushover by the law officers as the former would get caught up in situations that force him to do things that should best be avoided (Elliot, 2002). Parallel to his over-developed superego, Bert’s behavior also displays a weak Ego in conjunction with his Id. His inability to stand his ground in moral situations and his inadequacy in delivering good judgments makes him a pawn for manipulative individuals like the two conspirators whom Bert met at the pub (Shoham, 1993). In this situation, it is quite clear that he is still in denial of what he has done since he has not fully accepted the responsibility for the criminal act. However, in another statement, he also did not want to cooperate with the law enforcers in identifying who were his accomplices in committing larceny. This posits a rather confusing behavior as Bert did not want to admit fully to the crime committed yet he does his conspirators a favor and refuses to give out their names to the law officers as he believes that he is not one to break the code of brotherhood. This act alone concurs with the insight made earlier about his desire to be punished for being a criminal (Rosen, 1996). On another note, Bert has tried to justify the crime he had committed by rationalizing the triviality of robbing the factory and that a long sentence was not necessary. He seems to suppress the mere fact that he has a long track record of criminal activities that warrants for the current court verdict. With this in mind, one can deduce that Bert still thinks of himself as a misguided youth. Such display of reasoning implicates how the environment he grew up in greatly influenced his decisions in life (Shoham, 1993). His lack of a formal education and emotional nurture at home resulted to his rebellious conduct and misplaced aggression that could only be attributed to his family’s situation. Bert’s leanings toward alcoholism may be credited to his undeveloped oral stage, which his mother could not properly provide as the strains of his father being in prison and the abuses that his mother and siblings received from him deprived Bert of a normal transition into the next stages of development (Shoham, 1993). In addition, his father’s drunken presence at the puberty stage predisposed him and his older brothers to acclimate a life of criminal activities since that might have been the only way that he could be with his father who was gone most of the time. While he was third among the two boys in his family, he could not look up to his older brothers as they too were undependable for the nurturing in which he sought from his parents (Shoham, 1993). It is in this aspect that one can observe the oedipal complex that Freud has included in his Stages of Development theory as it demonstrates the lack of attention and love that Bert wanted from his father (Shoham, 1993). Bert’s unresolved intimacy issues from both his parents compelled him to project this in an unhealthy lifestyle through alcohol and a string of criminal records. In defense of the two conspirators, Bert might have felt a sense of belongingness in their company since they understood his situation more than anyone, which is why he was adamant to not cooperate with the law enforcers (Shoham, 1993). Bert’s yearning to successfully reform may be hampered by his own moral perceptions as he is not able to grasp the consequences his actions have merited him. While he is affected by what happens with his wife and two children, he cannot instinctively change his ways without going through therapy or some form of rehabilitation to straighten his ways. Bert’s situation could have been easily avoided if he has learned to act on his own. Since his lack of education poses a hindrance to the development of his being, one could suggest that individuals like Bert who are frequently law breakers should be also be subjected to an education in their correction facilities aside from the terms that they serve (Kline, 1987). According to Lester and Van Voorhis’ book â€Å"Psychoanalytic therapy†, criminal convicts like Bert should not be subjected to environments that derail their development. Since most these convicts are not well-equipped with the right attitude to stay off the streets, correctional facilities should be able to provide such services that will be able to aid them to commit to reformation. Support from family and close friends should also be encouraged though for most of these convicts, it would seem quite difficult as most of them don’t have a strong support base (p. 122). From Kline’s book â€Å"Psychoanalysis and crime†, it has been suggested that creating a viable environment for these convicts when they got out is necessary as that will sustain their progress for development and would make them not want to seek the confines of the prison walls as they will be able to feel part of the society again. This entails releasing them in an environment where temptations would not abound and provide them with jobs that does not degrade their sense of being (p. 60). Analyzing Bert’s case in the psychoanalytic perspective has provided grounds on in which correctional facilities should be able to help convicts to maintain a reformed life.

Free Trade V.S. Command Economy Essay - 797 Words

Free Trade V.S. Command Economy =============================== Introduction: Politicians, countries and ideologies from all over the world have for years been torn between what they should follow and believe. Countries quarrel over which policies should be adopted and what, how, for whom have been the economists fundamental question. Adam Smith preached for market economies often referring to the invisible hand Karl Marx preached for command economies often referring to The proletariat will over run the capitalist class These two men have substantially shaped the way countries have decided to run their economies. Not forgetting the names of a great deal of other Their works were published in volumes,†¦show more content†¦E.g.(Sweden uses a similar system to that described above as it uses market forces to determine consumer goods, but has an important welfare system, I consequence income tax is relatively high.) Economists use two terms to describe the different options in producing goods. Labour intensive: small workshops with highly skilled technicians using little machinery. Capital intensive: Complex machines are used, accompanied by few semi or unskilled workers to operate them. In a planned economy, although planners can easily plan production, it is a harder task for them directly decide about distribution. For capital goods (education, defence, housingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) distribution can prove successful, but consumer good wise there poses a problem because the consumer or the wage earner will want to decide on what he/she spends his/her wages on. Inevitably there will be shortages or surpluses of certain goods because of the absence of a price mechanism. In using the latest the communist authorities believe It would be unfair to use the price mechanism as only the privileged earners would simply pay more. In response to this prices remain the same and physical rationing is put intoShow MoreRelatedCaribbean Crucible: History, Culture, and Globalization4302 Words   |  18 Pagesfrom Africa, Europes periphery, India, China, and even Java. Not only was it in the Caribbean where the first sustained European external colonizations occurred, but these colonies required and stimulated the creation and marshalling of far-flung trade and governmental networksÂâ€"a truly global undertakingÂâ€"with the aim of enriching imperial treasuries and creating dependent territories in their service. Reconsidering the Caribbean as an origin-point of the modern global system means more than an understandingRead MoreCultural Analysis For Doing Business8067 Words   |  33 Pageswestern Europe, discovered their way to the island at some point between around 600 and 150 BC and stifled the past tenants. About the season of Christ the island was sorted out into five kingdoms, the customary Five Fifths of Ireland. By AD 400 seven free kingdoms had developed. The rulers of these kingdoms regularly partnered their armed forces to assault neighboring Roman Britain and the Continent. On one of these strikes a chap of 16 was caught, come back to Ireland and sold into subjection. AmidRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagespersonal opinions about who was likely to win but New York Times invited experts to do a state-by-state analysis presenting results in a full-page spread, culminating in a detailed map showing states Democrats were likely to win) †¢ Anonymity: given free rein to publish any thought that comes to mind †¢ E.g. For every worthwhile video present on the site (think Annie Leonard’s â€Å"The Story of Stuff†) there are a multitude of videos featuring otherwise inane and banal individuals indulgently bangingRead MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 PagesINVESTMENT VALUATION: SECOND EDITION I will be putting my entire second edition online, while the book goes through the printing process - it will be available at the end of the year. This may seem like a bit of a free lunch, and I guess it is. I hope, though, that you can do me a favor as you go through the manuscript. If you find any mistakes - mathematical or grammatical - could you please let me know? It would help me ensure that the typos do not find their way into the final version. Chapter

Qualitative Research And Analysis Research - 791 Words

The purpose of research is to add substance to a body of knowledge. The success of the research may be misleading at times or may only add a conclusion to some extent. Knowing the structure of the research will help the researcher as well as the reader discover meaning. The qualitative research sets itself in the midst of an individuals or groups of objects or â€Å"stuff† to capture an overview of logical or explicit rules by an understanding of isolated themes about the themes (Miles, Huberman, 1994). Qualitative research and analysis are conducted by using completed verses comprised of descriptive words to depict patterns, analyze, compare, or even contrast behaviors and or actions. Qualitative analysis equates to data simplification, data display, and verification of the data for a proper conclusion (Miles, Huberman, 1994). While there is many ways in which qualitative data may be presented, the readers evaluation of this research is important. The use of a quali tative summarization check sheet may assist the reader in determining the value of the research by quickly assessing data extent with a qualitative result as seen in attachment 1 (Clark, Creswell, 2010). The use of explicit and vivid wording assists the reader in evaluating qualitative research. Discussion The study titled: Systems thinking in practice: the current status of the six WHO building blocks for health system strengthening in three BHOMA intervention districts of Zambia: aShow MoreRelatedQualitative Analysis : A Research2738 Words   |  11 PagesQualitative analysis is very important when undergoing research as it provides theoretical and practical analysis and explanation. Depending on the topic or issue that is being studied the importance of how the qualitative research is conducted is critical for the results that will be used as inputs to support hypothesis or arguments in the research conducted. The following paper will discuss the data production and method, which will explain the different approaches to qualitative analysis thatRead MoreQualitative Research and Data Analysis875 Words   |  4 Pages2.1.6 Data analysis In qualitative research, data analysis is a process of making meaning where the researcher has to actively create meaning out of the raw materials (Esterberg, Kristin G., 2002). The process of making meaning out of qualitative data is often iterative, meaning that there is a repetitive interplay between the collection and analysis of data (Bryman and Bell, 2007). Altogether 5 interviews were conducted with the tour operators in Denmark that are selling travel packages to NepalRead MoreMethods of Data Analysis in Qualitative Research1580 Words   |  7 Pages15 Methods of Data Analysis in Qualitative Research Compiled by Donald Ratcliff 1. Typology - a classification system, taken from patterns, themes, or other kinds of groups of data. 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Although there have been so many theories and conclusions, this paper intends to discuss on the similarities and differences between the qualitative and quantitativeRead MoreCompare and Contrast Qualitative and Quantitaitve Research Methods1403 Words   |  6 PagesCompare and contrast Qualitative and Quantitative research methods Monique Gowans Charles Stuart University Compare and Contrast Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods Qualitative research methods are complex meaningful analysis characterised by processes and meanings that are not experimentally examined or measured in terms of mathematical measurements (Lincoln, 2003; Sarantakos, 2005). Quantitative research however, relies and builds on mathematical procedures and methods, suchRead MoreWeek 1 RSCH 8300860 Words   |  4 PagesInitial post Comparing Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Researchers often times are faced with the decision of choosing a methodology of research; either Quantitative or Qualitative that they think best fits their study and objectives. This choice is guarded by the topic of study, the advantages and disadvantages, and the strengths and weaknesses of using either one or the other type of the methodologies. Researchers are sometimes using Quantitative and Qualitative research methodologies interchangeably

Uninsured And Underinsured On America Why Is It A Social...

Uninsured and Underinsured In America-Why Is It a Social Problem? According to data presented by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the US health care cost exceeded $ 8,000 per capita, in 2010, comparing to the next most expensive system (Norway) $5,000 per capita (OECD Health Data, 2012). Despite being the most expensive system in the word, US healthcare system has failed on many areas of performance and quality. According to OECD data, US has much lower life expectancy than other industrialized countries, also the infant mortality rate is higher than those countries. Moreover, the US is the only industrialized country that does not provide its citizens a protection of a universal health care coverage. Before the enactment of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), the statistics reported that over 50 million people in the US had no health insurance. In 2010, the long awaited healthcare reform was passed and many efforts were made to reduce the percentage of uninsured. The enrollment in the Medicare services was extended, millions of low-income individuals were eligible to be enrolled in Medicaid coverage, lifetime dollar limits were eliminated, insurance were no longer able to refuse coverage due to existing conditions. Since 2010, multiple provisions were enacted to improve quality and increase access to healthcare. One of the biggest changes that came into effect in 2014, was the â€Å"individual mandate†, a provision that requires all legal citizens toShow MoreRelated Evaluation - Does Health Care Measure Up? Essay795 Words   |  4 PagesCongress because he did not want to risk his other New Deal proposals. But other presidents, including Harry Truman in 1949 and Richard Nixo n in 1971, have tried to introduce some type of health care reform, enjoying varying measures of success. Why do we still need reform? 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Macbeth suggests that great ambition, or inordinate lust for power, ultimately brings ruin free essay sample

William Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’ is a play, which tells the story of Macbeth’s rise to power and subsequently his tragic downfall as a result of outside forces and his great ambition, or his excessive use of power. While the play centralizes around the ideas of ambition and power there are also other outside forces and elements, which greatly influenced Macbeth’s decisions and ultimately lead to his ruin. The main root of Macbeth’s ruin was his uncontrollable ambition and how his inordinate lust for power blinded him and took over his former traits. After meeting the ‘weird sisters’, Macbeth is told that he will become king and so his desire for the prophecy to become reality becomes an obsessive trait for him. Macbeth’s ambitions completely change his nature and ultimately alter his views upon the world by ruling out his moral and social conscience. Due to Macbeth’s ambitions, he is filled with the notion of being king and results to murder as the way of attaining the title while completely disregarding his morals. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth suggests that great ambition, or inordinate lust for power, ultimately brings ruin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He even questions himself as to why he suggests that murder will be the solution to his desires; â€Å"Why do I yield to that suggestion, whose horrid image doth unfix my hair and make my seated heart knock at my ribs. †(A1,S3) Through the quote the reader is made to see that his thought of murder is not intentional as he questions his own imagination, rather it is caused by his natural desires and ambition, which is not under his control. In pursuit of his desires Macbeth is completely blinded by his lust for power and discounts his morals and former traits, which ultimately bring him to his ruin. Even though Macbeth may seem to be the one responsible for his own destruction, Lady Macbeth also plays a major role, which impacts the tragic ending. In his rise to power, Macbeth did not personally have the ambition to take the throne. Even though he had no personal ambition, his greedy wife, Lady Macbeth, pushes him to take action in order to take the throne through murdering those ahead of him. â€Å"What beast was’t, then, that made you break the enterprise to me? When you durst do it, then you were a man. † Lady Macbeth questions his manly hood and furthermore forces Macbeth into direct involvement, which he would prefer to have avoided. Additionally, Lady Macbeth gives him false hope by stating prior to the execution of their plot that they would succeed without any other complications and that their plan would be flawless. However, through being pressured into murdering Duncan many other problems arise and Macbeth realizes that he is not safe as king yet, â€Å"we have scorch’d the snake, not kill’d it. † He then realizes that in order to maintain his safety many other murders have to take place. Thus, Macbeth employs several other murders to cover for the original murder, which Lady Macbeth was responsible for. The reader is made to see how Lady Macbeth manipulates Macbeth into all his decisions and so it is clear to see how she was solely responsible for Macbeth’s ambition, which led him to his own murderous behavior and ultimately his ruin. Macbeth is a man with many imperfections, which ultimately brought his ruin however along with his inordinate lust for power, his overconfidence was another major flaw in his traits that led to his defeat. As time passed, the witches’ influence on Macbeth gradually increased. Driven by dark ambition provoked by the witches, he begins to not only believe in the prophecies, but also commit to them, and puts his full trust in the witches. Towards the end of the play he even goes as far as to command the witches to show him more of the future: â€Å"I conjure you by that which you profess†¦ answer me to that what I ask you. † Because of Macbeth’s overconfidence in the witches, he interprets the apparitions as encouragement instead of warnings and becomes reckless with his actions. He becomes careless because he ignores his rational side, and follows his desires, blindly. A significant example of Macbeth’s overconfidence is towards the end of the play where he faces Macduff. He is convinced that he cannot be harmed by any man of women born, and becomes careless into thinking that he is invincible. He later finds out that Macduff was, â€Å"untimely ripp’d,† from his mother’s womb however it much too late and due to his recklessness he was defeated. Macbeth’s overconfidence and his feeling of security can be said to be his â€Å"biggest enemies,† or flaws, which ultimately brought him to his ruin. Macbeth’s ruin is a result of Lady Macduff misdirecting him and two of his biggest flaws: his overconfidence and his ambitions or inordinate lust for power. These traits that Macbeth developed became more serious over time and his constant need to fulfil his ambition was what blinded him from his social and moral conscience, which ultimately led to his fall.

Public Relation Consultant

Introduction Public Relations (PR) refers to the process of ensuring proper communication between a person, a business or a nonprofit making organization and the public to maintain a good image. A public relation consultant is the person concerned with the above task and ensures that his clients and his company have a positive image towards the public.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Public Relation Consultant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the companies and organizations have a public relation consultant who deals mostly with the public. Some of the duties of a public relation consultant include dealing with press conferences, works on any information to be publicized on media houses, introducing new products to the public, advertising the company’s product, preparing speeches and representing the company in the community projects[1]. The major concern of a public relation consultant is to portray a positive image of his company to the public. The following essay will explore the field of public relation consultant as per the advantages and disadvantages, the Cost of Element of a public relation firm, how to meet the cost element of a PR firm and the qualification of a PR practitioner. Advantages of a public relation consultant A public relation consultant enables the company to reach as many people as possible without incurring much expense in advertisement. Unlike advertising bodies that only portray the positive image of a company by praising it, PR consultant analyzes a company objectively and critically, enabling the clients to understand the company well without bias or exaggeration. People from different fields of specialization consult public relations firms, thus enabling them to get diversified experience. This makes it easier for the PR firms to fit well in the competitive job market. In addition, people working in fields such as health, business, mass communication, education may consult public relation specialist thus giving them experience in their field of specialization. For instance, they may be acquainted with knowledge on the condition of the market, budgeting, media, among others[2]. Public relations consultants equip its clients with a good reputation and improve their level of competency in the market. Through their advice, they will help their clients to be outstanding and differentiate one business from the other. If the client is not contented with the services of a consulting firm, he can terminate the contract with due notice. This is an advantage to the clients since he/she can be able to get the best consulting services possible.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through PR services, the public tend to trust one firm’s services and to have confidence in its business. This means that Public Relations improves credibility a great deal. Since one of the PR areas of specialization is in the matters of press, their publication concerning the business gives it the image of a star. Most people like to associate with celebrities; thus, they will flock in the business due to the image portrayed by PR. When a business puts long-term investments to PR, there is a gradual improvement in the profit margins. This is because of the continued public awareness concerning your business, thus increases in sales and therefore benefits of the economies of scale (Hunter, 2009). Disadvantages of public relation consultant A public relations firm may be having insufficient information concerning a client’s field of specialization, thus making a minor impact to the well-being of his business. A public relation consultant may be targeting to taint the image of a company he is working for thus leading to its downfall. Over time, the public image of PR consultants has been tarnished, mak ing the public have a negative attitude towards them. Actually, the media has been in the front line trying to convince the public on the dishonesty of the PR consultants. This has in turn led to most companies shying away from private investors in this field or having their own within their companies. The cost element of a Public Relations Consulting Firm The value of public relation consultancy is not defined but it varies according to the type of business. The biggest challenge in valuing public relations comes from the definition of value, which refers to the monetary worth or material return according to commerce or relative worth. When relative worth comes, it means it is in comparison with something and will differ depending on the region since perceived value differs geographically. Therefore, a PR can be compared to the following elements in order to achieve its value; â€Å"Initial need of the buyer, initial need if the seller, perceived desire of the buyer, perceived des ire of the seller, perceived value of the service, perceived value of the service relative to other service, perceived value of the service delivery person, perceived value of the client† [3]. In most cases, PR deals with service delivery, which takes different time lengths for preparation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Public Relation Consultant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ways of paying the cost element of a PR firm When meeting the cost of a PR firm, it is recommendable to pay for performance in order to ensure accountability from the PR consultants. The image of PR has been tainted for a long time because, for a long time, the clients have been paying for the workload and not the quality of the services. For instance, most of them have been demanding large amounts of retainers for them to continue with their service to the clients. They have been used to long endless meetings of which t he client has to pay for the sitting allowances depending on the length of time spent, and regardless of the quality of their press release, fees had to be paid for it[4]. To save the situation, most clients are now insisting on paying for performance rather than the workload or time. This is a great challenge to the traditional form of PR since clients used to pay lump sums without a guarantee that the PR consultants will meet their aim. The notion that was there traditionally that the service provided had to be paid for anyway made the PR consultants lack accountability. Paying for performance model is closely related to ROI (Return on Investment), which is a performance measure that examines the efficiency of different kinds of investment. To get the value of ROI, you divide the difference between gain of an investment and the cost of the investment by the cost of investment. In this case, the cost of investment should be lower than the gain from the investment. When PR services are paid according to performance, it becomes easier to value its cost with confidence that both the consultant and the client are contented[5]. Qualification of a PR practitioner Basing our essay Britain Chartered Institute of Public Relations (CIPR), a public relations consultant must be a holder of the following qualifications. To be a member of CIPR, a person must have either a CIPR diploma in public relations, or 4 years experience in PR and ratified CIPR qualifications, or 6 years experience in PR and provide a Certificate of Professional/ Personal Development 1year after joining, or 10 years experience in PR. To be an associate of CIPR, one must be a holder of an advanced certificate in PR or ratified CIPR qualifications or 3years experience in PR[6] (ABE, 2006, pg 446) Apart from the professional qualification, a PR ought to have excellent writing skills since most of their work is based in writing press release. He has to be inquisitive and skeptical in order to be able to understand the concept behind each organization. This is because PR consultants explain to others about a certain business or organization thus he should have a broad knowledge in each field e is dealing in. He should be intellectually curious on doing PR in new ways and being expectant[7].Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A PR ought to be enthusiastic and passionate in carrying out his duties by examining each part of his work optimistically. He should be dedicated in his work due to the stiff competition in the market and should be updated. He should ensure that he works with integrity and practice transparency in all his articles to avoid tainting his image and that of his clients. He should be humble since dealing with public may at times be humiliating and should share his discoveries generously. Moreover, he should be flexible such that he able to embrace change with little challenges and ready to learn new technology[8]. Conclusion Public relations department plays a major role in every organization because it determines its public image and the welfare of the company. Either it can be part of an organization or it can be employed privately. This kind of job has its pros and cons, thus needs to be handled with care. In the world we are living in today, it is important to gauge the efficiency of the PR performance since if not carried out diligently; it can be hard for a company to shine in the competitive job market. The PR personnel should acquire the necessary attributes through training before practicing consultancy. Bibliography Binkley, Sheena. PR job duties, 2010, http://www.ehow.co.uk/list_6700916_pr-job-duties.html . Horton, James. What does it cost? The value of PR services, 2002. http://www.online-pr.com/Holding/Whatdoesitcost-article.pdf . Konanykhin, Alexander. When It Comes To PR, Pay For Performance, Not Time, 2010. http://advertising.about.com/od/publicrelationsresources/a/guestprperform.htm . Michelle, Sullivan. Top 10 qualities of a PR practitioner in the digital age, 2009. http://michellesullivan.ca/2009/07/top-10-qualities-of-a-pr-practitioner-in-the-digital-age/ . Page, Kogan. British Qualification: A Complete Guide to Professional, Vocational and Academic Qualifications in the UK. London, Kogan Page Limited, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=B_4 BJWXYnmkCpg=PA446lpg=PA446dq=qualifications+of+a+PR+practitionersource=blots=qyWRMmZqxnsig=ys2zPrwAKo6rtYNShWrmvYhCwVghl=enei=FcTPTL_FF4yTjAelxsHGBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=6ved=0CC8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepageq=qualifications%20of%20a%20PR%20practitionerf=true . Reddi, Narasimha. Effective public relations and media strategy. New Delhi, Asoke K. Ghosh, 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=yhRoWSJlXmICpg=PA116dq=advantages+of+a+public+relation+consultanthl=enei=B5bOTMy5MYvqOeW7gaYBsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepageqf=true . Footnotes Sheena Binkley, PR job duties, 2010, http://www.ehow.co.uk/list_6700916_pr-job-duties.html . Narasimha Reddi, Effective public relations and media strategy, (New Delhi, Asoke K. Ghosh 2009) , pg 119, https://books.google.com/books?id=yhRoWSJlXmICpg=PA116dq=advantages+of+a+public+relation+consultanthl=enei=B5bOTMy5MYvqOeW7gaYBsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepageqf=true James L. Horton, What does it cost ? The value of PR services, 2002, http://www.online-pr.com/Holding/Whatdoesitcost-article.pdf Alexander Konanykhin, When It Comes To PR, Pay For Performance, Not Time, 2010, http://advertising.about.com/od/publicrelationsresources/a/guestprperform.htm . Alexander Konanykhin, ibid. Kogan Page, British Qualification, (London, Kogan Page Limited, 2006), pg 446 https://books.google.com/books?id=B_4BJWXYnmkCpg=PA446lpg=PA446dq=qualifications+of+a+PR+practitionersource=blots=qyWRMmZqxnsig=ys2zPrwAKo6rtYNShWrmvYhCwVghl=enei=FcTPTL_FF4yTjAelxsHGBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=6ved=0CC8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepageq=qualifications%20of%20a%20PR%20practitionerf=true Michelle Sullivan, Top 10 qualities of a PR practitioner in the digital age 2009 http://michellesullivan.ca/2009/07/top-10-qualities-of-a-pr-practitioner-in-the-digital-age/ Michelle Sullivan, ibid This research paper on Public Relation Consultant was written and submitted by user JaneFoster to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.