Homosexuality Is a Mental Illness Essay -- Argumentative Essay

Homosexuality Is a Mental Illness The historical backdrop of gay or same sex relationships has been long in the entire world. The majority of the western social orders in the early time endured it. Amazingly, they went to a degree of praising a similar sex connections and relationships. In antiquated Rome, there are confirmations of a similar sex relationships however their evidence isn't clear. Same sex relationships can likewise be followed in medieval Europe and furthermore the antiquated Greece. There are likewise some different evidences of gay relationships among Africans Native Americans. There have been a great deal of confirmations which shows that homo sexual want has been recorded from early stage times in the east piece of the globe. This longing is the explanation for gay associations, ordinarily between men. It more than once remembered some variety for age. There has been extremely uncommon data on connections among ladies in early occasions. This could be on the grounds that ladies were not rewarded with equivalent status with men, to such an extent that while men were allowed to rehearse sexual and sentimental delight both without and inside marriage, ladies were not permitted (www.gay-workmanship history.org). In China, Male love was very energized particularly in Fujian, the southern territory. Men would wed young people in complex services. These relationships would keep going long. At the last piece of this marriage, the senior accomplice would enable the more youthful accomplice to locate a female spouse with the goal that he could settle down and start a family. At the west, old Greece gives us the main western records in regards to gay connections. In old Greece, gay connections and relationships were a standard in the general public. Luckily, these connections didn't substitute marriage among lady and a man, yet happened close to or before it. During Hellenic occasions in Europ... ...s profound quality. Since time in remembrance, same sex relationship is regarded corrupt and it will stay indecent for eternity. Permitting this thing to happen straightforwardly is to send an unfortunate message to God, the individuals and the mental soundness will have been subverted. This conflicts with divine beings educating and as per the sacred Bible; it is similar reasons that made Sodom and Gomorrah to be burned to the ground. Something very similar can even now happen today. References: Eric M. Rodriguez (2010). At the Intersection of Church and Gay: A Review of the Psychological Research on Gay and Lesbian Christians. Diary of Homosexuality.1-35 Ralph E. Roughton, (2002) MD. Reexamining homosexuality. What It Teaches Us About Psychoanaysis. Diary of the American Psychoanalytic Association. The world history of gay love. Recovered on seventh December 2010 from www.gay-workmanship history.org

AED (Automated External Defibrillator) and their need in the community Research Proposal

AED (Automated External Defibrillator) and their need in the network - Research Proposal Example Of these, 7.6 million were expected to CHD. It has been evaluated that by 2015, around 20 million individuals will kick the bucket from cardiovascular infection (World Health Organization). 80,700,000 Americans experience the ill effects of CVD. 73,000,000 have HBP, 16,000,000 have CHD, 5,300,000 experience the ill effects of cardiovascular breakdown, and 650,000-1,300,000 have inherent cardiovascular deformities. In the age bunch 20-39 under 20 percent of the populace experience the ill effects of CVD. 39 percent of the populace in the age bunch 40-59 experience the ill effects of some type of CVD. In excess of 70 percent of the populace in the age bunch 60-79 experience the ill effects of some type of CVD. In excess of 80 percent of the populace more than 80 years experience the ill effects of some type of CVD. CVD represented 869,724 of every one of the 2,397,615 passings in 2004. Roughly 250,000 passings result from respiratory failures every year. It has been evaluated that the yearly occurrence of respiratory failure is 600,000 new assaults and 320,000 intermittent assaults. More than 148,000 were under 65. 2,400 Americans bite the dust of CVD every day. 310,000 p assings happen out-of-clinic or in medical clinic crisis divisions. Measurements show that an American will endure a coronary occasion at regular intervals, and consistently somebody will kick the bucket from one. 38 percent of the individuals encountering a coronary assault in a given year will kick the bucket. 82 percent of individuals kicking the bucket of CHD are 65 years or more established. CHD caused one out of five passings among Americans in 2004. A bigger number of individuals passed on from CVD than from Cancer in 2004. CVD positioned most elevated among malady classifications in medical clinic releases in 2005. Future would increment by seven years if all types of CVD were dispensed with (Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 1-40). As indicated by the World Health Organization, passings by cardiovascular failures are preventable. CPR and defibrillation inside the initial couple of moments after breakdown, trailed by cutting edge care can bring about high endurance rates. 20,000 lives could be spared every year by the utilization of Automated External

Amazon

Amazon © Shutterstock.com | Denys PrykhodovAn extremely important e-commerce channel, Amazon has unique features and benefits. In this article we will look at 1) what is Amazon,  2) how to sell successfully on Amazon,  3)  advantages and disadvantages of selling on Amazon,  and 4) Amazon success stories.WHAT IS AMAZON?The CompanyUnquestionably the biggest e-commerce platform in the world, Amazon is an internet giant with global presence and reach. The company began as an online seller of books but quickly adopted emerging trends and branched out into areas such as sales of entertainment media like DVDs, VHSs, CDs, online video and mp3 streaming and downloads, software and video games. It also expanded to begin selling electronics, clothing items, food, toys, children’s items, jewelry, and household items. A few years ago, the company diversified into the production of consumer electronics including the Kindle E-book reader, Kindle Fire Tablets, Fire TV and the Fire Phone. Recently, the c ompany has also started offering cloud computing services.The company is headquartered in Seattle, Washington in the United States. It began as the company Cadabra, incorporated by Jeff Bezos in 1994 and went online as Amazon.com in 1995. The company has individual retail websites for the US, France, Germany, the UK, Canada, Spain, Brazil, Italy, Australia, India, Mexico and China. There are plans to launch sites for Sri Lanka, South East Asia, Poland, Netherlands and Sweden. Some products can also be shipped to several other international locations.The Business ModelAmazon allows both individuals and businesses to sell their products through the website. The company offers the Seller Central website to manage all aspects of selling via the website. Through this website, a seller can add product information, add inventory and manage orders and payments. Sellers can chose to ship items themselves where certain Amazon.com shipping rates will apply based on the product category or they can chose to use Amazon to fulfill orders. In the second scenario, merchandise is stocked in Amazon fulfillment centers and are packed and shipped by Amazon for an additional charge. Amazon also provides customer service for these items.Selling CostsAmazon offers two selling plans to prospective sellers. There is a professional selling plan where a monthly subscription is charged in addition to a per item fee. There is also an individual plan for people selling less than 40 items per month where only per item fee is charged. The professional plan includes additional services such as top placement in product pages, ability to sell in more categories, customize shipping plans etc.If a seller chooses to use fulfillment by Amazon, additional fees will apply. All third parties can chose to sell as either individual or professional sellers.Inside Amazon: Secrets of an Online Mega-Giant HOW TO SELL SUCCESSFULLY ON  AMAZONImportant Things to Know Before Selling on Amazon.comWhere will prod ucts be listed? The main product page is always the lowest cost offer that is fulfilled by Amazon. Under the product’s name is an ‘offers’ link, where the rest of the product offerings will be listed.How will the order of the merchant offers list be determined? Some of the factors that determine this order include competitive pricing, the number of sellers, history as a seller with Amazon, and number of seller reviews.How can products be moved to the top of the list? The best way to move products up a list is to make sure that any items sold through Amazon are done so in a smooth and efficient way. Quicker than this method is to either sell a popular product at a lower price or sell a product with less competition to start building credibility as a seller.Who benefits the most from selling on Amazon.com? Certain types of sellers are more successful than others. These include those who sell unique items that they product themselves, those who sell niche items or things that app eal to hobbyists and those that sell refurbished or used items.Should products be associated with a product already listed? Amazon allows products to be listed only once so if a product is connected to an already listed item there is a higher chance it will be seen.Why can some shipping methods not be used at first? Sellers start off with some basic shipping methods and gradually earn the right to offer better shipping methods such as two day shipping when reliability has been established.How can seller reviews be increased? Reviews cannot be solicited in exchange for money or reward. If the customer is given a great experience from beginning to end, they will be more likely to leave a positive review on their own.Tips for Selling on AmazonCreating Successful Product PagesA vital step to creating a successful sales business on Amazon.com is to create easy to find and informative product pages. The key areas in this regard are:Create a Strong Headline: The first thing to do to create a successful and attractive product listing is to create a heading that gives all the necessary information without being full of spam. Items to be included include the brand and any highlighting features or special benefits. Don’t try to fill up with too many keywords as this can result in keyword spamming.Enter Keywords as other ‘Search Terms”: Any important keywords that do not make sense in the title can be entered here. Be sure not to repeat those that are already in the title.Search for Your Own Product: After creating listings, make sure you attempt to search for your own product. This is a good test because you will get an idea of how easy or difficult it is to locate. If you cannot manage to find it, it is a strong possibility that others won’t either. In this case you may need to go back and adjust the keywords. Just by searching as a buyer would, you begin to think as a buyer would and often that can help enhance listings.Enhancing SalesSelling on Amazon has its positives and negatives. There is enormous competition with hundreds of sellers vying for the same customers. But, there are also an estimated 90 million unique visitors to the site every month. According to amazon, new sellers in the marketplace can often see a 50-percent increase in total revenue once they start selling seriously on Amazon. Some tips to achieve this type of success are:Don’t be Afraid to Compete on Price: In the marketplace, one of the major aspects that create product differentiation is price. This is a basic fact and there are ways to use this to continue to be profitable. The seller should try to list items that have enough margin to absorb a lower price offer along with other selling costs.Get a Professional Seller Subscription: Though smaller sellers may want to start out on an individual plan, eventually it is a good idea to move to a pro plan. This offers less per listing charges and a monthly subscription instead. There are other benefits as well such as the ability to upload bulk listings, better reporting on sales, more selling options and the ability to add new and unique listings.Try to Sell a Unique Item: Through a pro plan, a seller has the ability to add new listings to Amazon that will have no competitors. Niche products also often have a specific market that makes these items easier to sell.Market to Amazon Customers: In the Amazon marketplace, a seller has the opportunity to market to the buyer and turn them into a repeat customer. This can be done by making special offers such as a discount on the next purchase or something similar.Common MistakesThere are some basic mistakes that even experienced sellers on Amazon.com make periodically. These includeFailure to Correctly Calculate Shipping Costs: Sellers have to offer shipping options according to Amazon’s criteria for different categories of products. These costs are almost never as low as Amazon estimates. Final amounts end up being higher and the cost has to be born e by the sellers. It is a good idea to add as much as between 50 to 100 percent of the quoted Amazon shipping cost to a seller’s own shipping cost to get an accurate estimate of expenses.Failure to Correctly Price Items: It is necessary to do a marketplace analysis of similar items and see how much they are being sold for. This helps correctly price an item so that it sells quickly. Many items are bundled into Amazon free shipping inside one package which is convenient for customers. To offset this, the item should be priced low enough to offer benefits without the Amazon shipping convenience. But make sure you factor in Amazon’s charges to know exactly how much you will get out of the transaction.Failure to Market Items: It is vital to market items strongly by added good quality images and strong descriptions. In the case of used items, be candid about any defects to avoid false expectations that could lead to returned items and poor reviews.Failure to Sell a Unique Item: If yo u have an item to sell that is not listed, this doesn’t mean that there is no demand for it. In fact it could be the opposite and you may be able to sell it to a niche user at a premium price.Failure to be Available to Ship: Items need to be shipped out quickly once an order is placed. If a seller expects to be unavailable to ship for a few days, then it is a good idea to take down the listing temporarily. Faster shipping leads to better ranking.Failure to Plan for Returns: In cases like software, it is difficult to offer returns. But telling a customer this can often lead to bad reviews and a fall in seller status. It is a good idea to plan for such an eventuality or sell these types of items without a return policy.Failure to Contest a Bad Review or Claim: If there is a bad review from a customer that is not justified, you can ask Amazon to remove it. You can also contest Amazon pointing you out for shipping close to deadline. Customers can be reminded to leave a positive review .Failure to Keep Track of Sales and Queries: It is vital to stay on top of sales and queries and responding to both fast. If an item is not shipped in time you may get a lower seller rating and if a potential customer is not satisfied they may move on or leave a bad review. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SELLING ON AMAZONThere are many advantages and disadvantages of selling through Amazon.com. These include the following.Advantages of Selling on Amazon.comHigher Sales: Given the incredible scale of Amazon as a marketplace, there are more chances of selling more products at better prices. Sellers report an average of a 50 percent increase in sale on joining the Amazon marketplace.Better Access to Customers: A visitor to Amazon won’t be looking for your store. But they may be searching for your products. Access to these products may not be possible if not for the Amazon marketplace. Once you have a customer in the door, it is in your power to turn them into repeat customers by off ering a great product and great service.Marketplace Infrastructure: In physical markets, similar sellers often group together to benefit from numbers. Similarly, in the Amazon marketplace, buyers get a variety of options and a better shopping experience. Additionally, single stream checkout and support help create a smooth shopping experience.Disadvantages of Selling on Amazon.comAdditional Fees: Despite increased sales, there are also added costs of the marketplace. Most of these are deducted as a percentage of each item sold and may vary by category of items. This makes it necessary to understand and calculate margins to make sure you remain profitable.Marketplace Infrastructure: Both an advantage and a disadvantage, the marketplace is meant to showcase products, not sellers. This means that there is more need to differentiate but also more restrictions on how to do so.Inventory Sync: It is often a challenge to understand stock level and keep these reconciled. There may be manual work required despite the existence of applications to help do the same.                   AMAZON SUCCESS STORIESAngelynn’s Jewelry OrganizersLynn Williams had been selling her unique jewelry organizers with some success for a number of years. She questioned whether her business was big enough for Amazon, but feels that her decision to eventually sell on Amazon was a miraculous transformation for her product. Lynn came up with her idea back in 1991 but couldn’t get it off the ground till 2005. In 2008, she started selling on Amazon. This is the point where the business took off. Sales steadily increased and now 98 percent of her business is through Amazon.She began by working 80 to 120 hours a week and handling all shipping from her home. She eventually moved to the fulfillment by Amazon model despite reservations about maintaining her profitability. She moved her lower priced items to this model and saw an increase in shipping because of additional Amazon benefits such as free shipping and Amazon Prime. She eventually moved all items to this mode and now runs a streamlined operation with reduced workload for herself.Her product remains admired and respected and she manages to maintain a five star rating. She sells to high end clients, often celebrities but also to places like college dorms and to clients worldwide. This range of customers is possible only through a platform such as Amazon, because people are familiar with it and trust it to be reliable and secure.Bakto FlavorsA scientist by profession, Daphna Haykin-Frenkel creates and sells natural vanilla products and through Amazon, has managed to reach clients worldwide. Passionate about her work, Daphna has spent years researching her product. She felt that the hardest part of her endeavor was to find the right clients. Once she decided to start selling through Amazon, this aspect became simple and streamlined.The business began by selling vanilla flavor, beans and sugar. They have since expanded in to 40 natural flavors and gourmet spices. Though the company still sells through their physical store in New York City as well as their own website, Amazon remains their biggest sales channel. The ease or order procession and excellent customer treatment by Amazon are two major reasons for their preference for selling here.

Population Of Baltimore City And Baltimore County Essay

SECTION ONE: Population Change in Baltimore City and Baltimore County For this section, examine the data sets you’ve collected for the city and county across the different years. Be sure to pay attention to the information provided in the footnotes—this will help you understand the data you are looking at. 1. What is the population of Baltimore City today? What is the population of Baltimore County today? What proportion of the US population do these populations represent? †¢ The population of Baltimore city is 621, 849 people. The population of Baltimore County today is 831,128 people. Roughly 321,418,820 people live inside the United States in the most recent census. Baltimore city represents .19% of the U.S. population. Baltimore County represents .26% of the U.S. population. 2. How have the populations of each area changed over the past 35 years? Do they hold a larger or smaller proportion of the US population? †¢ The populations have decreased over the last 35 years. They hold a smaller proportion of the US population now. 3. Consider the category â€Å"Race and Hispanic Origin† / â€Å"Race†. †¢ How has this category in the US census changed over time? i. There are more people with Hispanic origin in the United States today than ever before. †¢ Describe the changes in racial composition from 1980 to today in Baltimore City. i. There are more people of the Hispanic and Latino race in Baltimore now than in the 1980’s. The number of AfricanShow MoreRelatedThe Social And Cultural Environment Of Baltimore1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe chart shows how Baltimore economy compares to the United States, needless to say Baltimore is struggling. Unemployment rate is higher than the rest of the United States, and job growth isn’t helping to improve Baltimore’s employment rate. To dig deeper into Baltimore’s economy, the unemployment rate for black men in Baltimore is really low. 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The increase in the population of the United States is also a contributing factor to this increase in crime rate increase but also the main culprit in the need for community policing. Police departments could not have increased in size at a rate equivalent to the population so community policing techniques began to be used to help multiply the manpower of local police forces. The main philosophiesRead MoreOverview and History of the Prison District of Baltimore832 Words   |  3 PagesThe Priso n District of Baltimore, Maryland, is located primarily in an unincorporated community called Townson. With a population of just under 60,000 it is the second most densely populated unincorporated county seat in the United States. The community is located just north of Baltimore City, inside the I-695 and I-83 beltway and has several major neighborhood areas. 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The complex officially opened in 2004 and injected new lifebloodRead MoreHomeless And Have Hiv / Aids1617 Words   |  7 PagesTo be Homeless and have HIV/AIDS in Baltimore The problem of homelessness in American has gone pretty much unsolved since the turn of the 20th century or at least since the Great Depression and lately it seems that homelessness has become a desperate cycle often repeated for some who fail to make their way back from losing everything. This is especially true, this 21st century cycle of struggling to get back on one’s feet and then getting knocked down again before gaining any permanence, of thoseRead MoreEssay Baltimore1933 Words   |  8 PagesThe beautiful city of Baltimore, Maryland, nicknamed â€Å"Charm City† is full of historical cites and landmarks. It was founded July 30, 1729, and it was named after Lord Baltimore, the first proprietary governor of the Province of Maryland1. It was founded to serve the economic needs of 18th century farmers2. The waterways in Baltimore have been a passage for ships carrying commercial cargo and new citizens since the 1600s. Baltimore became the second leading port of entr y for immigrants to the UnitedRead MoreSocial And Social Impacts Of Slavery By Fredrick Douglass997 Words   |  4 Pagesshore of Maryland and the city of Baltimore. Throughout the story Fredrick switches his settings between the plantation he grew up in â€Å"Great House Farm† in Talbot County and Baltimore. Douglass would state that he had a little more freedom in the city of Baltimore then he did at the Great House Farm. This basically results that in the urban populations, like the city of Baltimore, keep their slave-owners from preventing any form of cruelty to their slaves, since the city is a open society. When Douglass

Margaret Sanger s Stand Up For Birth Control Rights

Imagine being a married woman in your 30’s during the beginning of the twentieth century. You are worn out from giving birth multiple times and you are desperate to know of a way to prevent yourself from having more children. This was the exact case for millions of women in the twentieth century. Women had no rights as a person, nor did they have any rights to their own bodies. In this era, the topics of sexuality, sex and birth control were all taboo subject matters and never discussed between married or unmarried couples. It wasn’t until the year of 1912 that a woman by the name of Margaret Sanger started her crusade to promote the right for women to use contraceptives to prevent unwanted pregnancies. In this essay, I will discuss what inspired Margaret Sanger to stand up for birth control rights. I will also explore the trials and legal issues that Sanger came up against. Lastly, I will talk about the victory and the difference Sanger made for women in the twentieth century. Sanger dedicated her life and career to legalizing contraceptives all across the United States. She wanted all woman to have the freedom to decide whether or not they wanted children. Margaret Louise Higgins (Sanger was her married name) was born in the year of 1879 in Corning, New York. She was sixth of eleven children and was born into an Irish-American family. Margaret knew at a very young age that she wanted to make a difference to empower women and to leave her mark on the world. Margaret wasShow MoreRelatedMargaret Sanger Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesMargaret Sanger The early twentieth century was a turning point in American history-especially in regards to the acquisition of womens rights. While the era was considered to be prosperous and later thought to be a happy-go-lucky time, in actuality, it was a time of grave social conflict and human suffering (Parish, 110). Among those who endured much suffering were women. 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Now they started to become more independent and had less restriction put into them.This time period gave rise to the flapper girls who smoke, drank, and had sex as they pleased.Many women became rebelsRead MoreA Speech That Made History1553 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans were beginning to gain some basic human rights, and women were very slowly starting to gain equality with men. Women were now able to get jobs, but they were still not fully in control of their own bodies. There was a lot of (was much) controversy over topics such as pre-marital sex, birth control, and abortion, and these controversies were part of what led Margaret Sanger to give her speech about the morality of birth control in the early 1920s. 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Her mother, Anne Higgins, was born in Ireland, and her family moved to Canada during the Potato Famine. In 1869 Michael married Anne and she went through 18 pregnancies, only 11 of which lived. [3] Margaret was th e sixth child in this long line and spent herRead MoreEugenics And Scientific Racism : Margaret Sanger1174 Words   |  5 Pages Eugenics and Scientific Racism: Margaret Sanger The study or practice of attempting to ‘improve’ the human gene pool by encouraging the reproduction of people considered to have desirable traits and discouraging or preventing the reproduction of people considered to have undesirable traits; Eugenics. In the early 20th century, Eugenics grew popular among mainstream scientists, physicians and the generalRead MoreRisky Business1206 Words   |  5 Pagesthe future for women. Some even risked and gave up their freedom to demonstrate how important it was for society to change. I believe a great example of someone who risked many things for the future of women in society was Margaret Sanger. Sanger began her journey into historical fame as a visiting nurse, someone who saw all of the pain and suffering that women went through due to the lack of birth control and the lack of acceptance of birth control in America, at that time. Jake Sachs, a truckRead More Biography of Margaret Sanger Essay5092 Words   |  21 PagesBiography of Margaret Sanger Margaret Sanger founded a movement in this country that would institute such a change in the course of our biological history that it is still debated today. Described by some as a radiant rebel, Sanger pioneered the birth control movement in the United States at a time when Victorian hypocrisy and oppression through moral standards were at their highest. Working her way up from a nurse in New Yorks poor Lower East Side to the head of the Planned Parenthood Federation

The Evolution Of Micro Finance - 1651 Words

CHAPTER 3: THE EVOLUTION OF MICRO FINANCE IN NIGERIA 3.0. Introduction: In this section the need for Microfinance is discussed; the emergence and development of microfinance in Nigeria is also reviewed. Finally the chapter discuss the ownership and beneficiaries of microfinance in Nigeria. 3.1. The Need for Microfinance: The unwillingness or inability of the formal financial institutions to provide financial services to the urban and rural poor, coupled with the un-sustainability of government sponsored development financial schemes contributed to the growth of private sector-led microfinance in Nigeria. Before the emergence of formal microfinance institutions, informal microfinance activities flourished all over the country. Informal microfinance is provided by traditional groups that work together for the mutual benefits of their members. These groups provide savings and credit services to their members. The informal microfinance arrangements operate under different names: ‘esusu’ among the Yorubas of Western Nigeria, ‘etoto’ for the Igbos in the East and ‘adashi’ in the North for the Hausas (CBN, 2000). The key features of these informal schemes are savings and credit components, informality of operations and higher interest rates in relation to the formal ba nking sector. The informal associations that operate traditional microfinance in various forms are found in all the rural communities in Nigeria (Otu, et al, 2003) . They also operate in the urban centers. TheShow MoreRelatedQuestions On E Procurement Adoption1648 Words   |  7 Pagesinfo records, bidding reports, material/service catalogue, delivery and payment methods, invoice, etc.). 1.2 Hardware, Software and Telecommunication Components Through decades information telecommunication and technology has grown rapidly. This evolution allows IT infrastructure to develop up to present era; cloud computing era (Laudon and Laudon, 2012). Growth of cloud computing especially SaaS (software as a service) increases promisingly (Cisco, 2014). Follows this trend many ASPs (applicationRead MoreAn Explanation of the Britishs Stuggles to Finance the War with Napoleonic France in The British Balance of Payments1087 Words   |  5 Pageswritten by Javier Cuenca Esteban, â€Å"The British balance of payments, 1772-1820: India transfers and war finance† focuses on the British ability to finance the wars with Napoleonic France. Esteban challenges the academic state of debate regarding the importance of exports on British Industrialization by pointing out that he believes without the exports from India, Britain would have struggled to finance her wars with France and may have never become the incubator of Industrialization. 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Waste Water Problems and Solutions in Bahrain free essay sample

Waste water In the Arab world the water challenges are well studied and researched. There are facts that water security is disappearing. Especially in Bahrain, where it is a small island and the demand of water is increasing year by year. Waste water in Bahrain started to occur by human activities of companies, agriculture and can include a wide range of pollution. Water is an important thing, therefore solutions should be made and to be delivered to the citizens of the importance of water nowadays.There is a limited awareness of Bahraini citizens about water limitations, they are using it without any concentrations or thinking. Lots of percentages water being used incorrectly whether in plantings, home usage, or other water based activities. This has caused many issues relating to water, even to the citizens of Bahrain because water is a necessity object in everything.Moreover, issues of water quality and maintenance are decisively important; as having a constant water supply besides the water resources it could affect the development of the country as well (Gulf News, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Waste Water Problems and Solutions in Bahrain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Water comes into mostly everything in life, it is important for human being and animals to live, plant protection where lots of agricultural industries and farming areas are being developed in the region. As well as, it’s involved in lots of manufacturing, chemicals and business sectors fields. As a fact it is more important than the oil which Bahrain is relying on for its economic aspects. Bahrain is planning new waste water treatment for the Tubli Sewage Treatment Plant. Khalifa Ebrahim Al Mansoor, the ministry assistant undersecretary stated in his report that the proposal of arranging a connection with the private sector in order to expand and upgrade the Tubli Sewage Treatment Plant will be positively expected at the end of year 2011.In addition, he also said that Tubli plant is not proficient with treating the problems related to waste water and Muharraq plant will pact the waste water and generate enough amount of water for landscaping. And as a result of that it will decrease the shortages of water in Bahrain. This privatization project is mainly developed to increase the Greenfield sewage plant treatment with facilitating the designing, financing, testing and operating well water usage in the region.Furthermore, this project is supposed to establish and introduce t he main concept of waste water management throughout the people and overall firms of Bahrain and reduce number of operational problems that are faced now and find solutions within the next 50 years (Clean Middle East, 2011). Only the stated above will not be enough for now, as people are not very much aware of the shortages that Bahrain is facing for water. That is why institutes and more awareness programs should be provided in the country in order to be able to succeed in reducing waste water problems.

An Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

An Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis testing is a topic at the heart of statistics. This technique belongs to a realm known as inferential statistics. Researchers from all sorts of different areas, such as psychology, marketing, and medicine, formulate hypotheses or claims about a population being studied. The ultimate goal of the research is to determine the validity of these claims. Carefully designed statistical experiments obtain sample data from the population. The data is in turn used to test the accuracy of a hypothesis concerning a population. The Rare Event Rule Hypothesis tests are based upon the field of mathematics known as probability. Probability gives us a way to quantify how likely it is for an event to occur. The underlying assumption for all inferential statistics deals with rare events, which is why probability is used so extensively. The rare event rule states that if an assumption is made and the probability of a certain observed event is very small, then the assumption is most likely incorrect. The basic idea here is that we test a claim by distinguishing between two different things: An event that easily occurs by chance.An event that is highly unlikely to occur by chance. If a highly unlikely event occurs, then we explain this by stating that a rare event really did take place, or that the assumption we started with was not true. Prognosticators and Probability As an example to intuitively grasp the ideas behind hypothesis testing, we’ll consider the following story. It’s a beautiful day outside so you decided to go on a walk. While you are walking you are confronted by a mysterious stranger. â€Å"Do not be alarmed,† he says, â€Å"this is your lucky day. I am a seer of seers and a prognosticator of prognosticators. I can predict the future, and do it with greater accuracy than anyone else. In fact, 95% of the time I’m right. For a mere $1000, I will give you the winning lottery ticket numbers for the next ten weeks. You‘ll be almost sure of winning once, and probably several times.† This sounds too good to be true, but you are intrigued. â€Å"Prove it,† you reply. â€Å"Show me that you really can predict the future, then I’ll consider your offer.† â€Å"Of course. I can‘t give you any winning lottery numbers for free though. But I will show you my powers as follows. In this sealed envelope is a sheet of paper numbered 1 through 100, with heads or tails written after each of them. When you go home, flip a coin 100 times and record the results in the order that you get them. Then open the envelope and compare the two lists. My list will accurately match at least 95 of your coin tosses.† You take the envelope with a skeptical look. â€Å"I will be here tomorrow at this same time if you decide to take me up on my offer.† As you walk back home, you assume that the stranger has thought up a creative way to con people out of their money. Nevertheless, when you get back home, you flip a coin and write down which tosses give you heads, and which ones are tails. Then you open the envelope and compare the two lists. If the lists only match in 49 places, you would conclude that the stranger is at best deluded and at worse conducting some sort of scam. After all, chance alone would result in being correct about one half of the time. If this is the case, you would probably change your walking route for a few weeks. On the other hand, what if the lists matched 96 times? The likelihood of this occurring by chance is extremely small. Due to the fact that predicting 96 of 100 coin tosses is exceptionally improbable, you conclude that your assumption about the stranger was incorrect and he can indeed predict the future. The Formal Procedure This example illustrates the idea behind hypothesis testing and is a good introduction to further study. The exact procedure requires specialized terminology and a step by step procedure, but the thinking is the same. The rare event rule provides the ammunition to reject one hypothesis and accept an alternate one.

Theme - Definition and Examples in Composition

Theme s in Composition Definitions (1) In literature and composition, a  theme is the main idea of a text, expressed directly or indirectly. Adjective: thematic. (2) In composition studies, a theme is a short essay or  composition assigned as a writing exercise. See also: Composing My First College Essay, by Sandy KlemFive-Paragraph EssayModels of CompositionTheme WritingWhats Wrong With the Five-Paragraph Essay? See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: EpiphanyMotifPlotThesis Etymology From the Greek, placed or laid down Examples and Observations (definition #1): Simply put, a storys theme is its idea or point (formulated as a generalization). The theme of a fable is its moral; the theme of a parable is its teaching; the theme of a short story is its implied view of life and conduct. Unlike the fable and parable, however, most fiction is not designed primarily to teach or preach. Its theme, thus, is more obliquely presented. In fact, theme in fiction is rarely presented at all; readers abstract it from the details of characters and action that compose the story.(Robert DiYanni, Literature. McGraw-Hill, 2002) Orwells Theme(s) in the Essay A Hanging- A Hanging is [George] Orwells first distinctive work. It gives an apparently objective account of a ritualistic executionfrom fixed bayonets to a bag over the head of the condemnedin which the narrator officially and actively participates. . . . At this halfway point Orwell states his theme: till that moment I had never realized what it means to destroy a healthy, conscious man. When I saw the pris oner step aside to avoid the puddle, I saw the mystery, the unspeakable wrongness, of cutting a life short when it is in full tide. Instead of invoking religion, he asserts a quasi-religious sense of lifes sacrednessthe first expression of the instinctive humanism that characterizes all his work.(Jeffrey Meyers, Orwell: Wintry Conscience of a Generation. Norton, 2000)- A variation on this theme occurs in several of Orwells most famous texts containing epiphanies, moments of illumination in which the humanity of people he has hitherto viewed in terms of dehumanizing generalizations suddenly breaks through, and Orwells perception is jarred as he understands, with a shock, that these are people like himself. . . . In the early sketch entitled A Hanging (1931), Orwell describes how his idea of what it means to kill a man is altered by the Hindu prisoners gesture of stepping aside to avoid a puddle on the way to the gallows. What the text reveals, however, is that the prisoner at first l ooks to Orwell like a mere insignificant object. Into this scene, well defined in terms of the prisoners already marginal existence, breaks the unexpected gesture, making Orwell (or the Orwellian narrative persona) realize that the prisoner is alive, just as he is . . . . This chronicle is generally interpreted along the lines Orwell lays down, as the revelation of the barbarity of execution, but its primary meaning, I believe, is another. An inferiorized human being has for an instant become a genuine person in the eyes of one of the masters.(Daphne Patai,The Orwell Mystique: A Study in Male Ideology. University of Massachusetts Press, 1984) The Themes of the Novel Charlottes Web- Themes are subject to readers interpretation, so different individuals may identify different themes in the same book; the dominant idea or theme, however, should be apparent to readers.Charlottes Web offers many layers of meaning to readers. Younger children are apt to understand this book as an animal fantasy. Older children are ready to apprehend the cycle of life and death, while adults recognize the irony in a situation that gives one character credit for the creativity of another. This is why we recommend using Charlottes Web in the third or fourth grade, when children are ready to understand its major theme.(Barbara Stoodt et al., Childrens Literature:Discovery for a Lifetime. Macmillan, 1996)- Identifying theme is typically a bit more difficult perhaps because theme is often confused with plot summary or motif. . . . Charlottes Web (White, 1952) is a story about a pig whose life is saved by a spider is not a theme statement! It is a pl ot statement. Charlottes Web is a story about friendship is also not a theme statement! Rather, it is a statement identifying one of the most important motifs in the storyfriendship. A theme in Charlottes Web is that true friendship involves responsibilities as well as privileges is a theme statement!(R. Craig Roney, The Story Performance Handbook. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001)- Besides mortality itself, throughout many idyllic scenes [in Charlottes Web] Andy [White] dabbed colorful spots of melancholy. He translated the song sparrows aria as sweet, sweet, sweet interlude and informed the reader that it referred to lifes brevity. Crickets harped on the same theme. But overall Andys theme was the joy of being alive, of reveling in the moment with visceral attention. What seemed like two themes were really one.(Michael Sims, The Story of Charlottes Web. Walker, 2011) The Difference Between Plot and ThemeIf you sometimes confuse plot with theme, keep the two elements separate by thinking of theme as what the story is about, and plot as the situation that brings it into focus. You might think of theme as the message of the storythe lesson to be learned, the question that is asked, or what it is the author is trying to tell us about life and the human condition. Plot is the action by which this truth will be demonstrated.(Phyllis Reynolds Naylor, quoted by Kenneth John Atchity and Chi-Li Wong in Writing Treatments That Sell, rev. ed. Henry Holt, 2003) Thesis and ThemeThe thesis is the main point you are trying to argue [in a composition]: for instance, that abortion is every womans right or that housing discrimination is wrong. The theme, on the other hand, is a motif established by orchestrated connotative language that reinforces the thesis. Theme differs from thesis in that theme relies on inference and suggested meaning rather than on direct st atement.(Kristin R. Woolever, About Writing: A Rhetoric for Advanced Writers. Wadsworth, 1991) Pronunciation: THEEM

Critically evaluate the current methods of high-throughput expression Essay

Critically evaluate the current methods of high-throughput expression profiling in normal and disease states - Essay Example These studies have provided information that was challenging to find, making it easy to detect diseases very early and applying the necessary intervention and treatment procedures on time reducing rates of morbidity and mortality. The first step n the quest to understand the cell function would be understanding gene expression of the various cells of the body. In that case, it would be easier to determine when cells are not expressed as expected. Scientists and researchers point out that gene expression anomalies mostly involve the Messenger RNA (mRNA). DNA Microarrays are used to measure the expression of cells within a predefined mRNA. Different cells are expected to be expressed in a certain way in the mRNA. Changes in expression include over-expression or under-expression. For example, scientists have confirmed that breast cancer cells express more mRNA for the membrane receptor (Suter, Babiss and Wheeldon, 2004). DNA methylation which is important in the normal DNA function and gene expression can be used to detect the changes in the DNA leading to abnormal expression and disease. Hyper-methylation and hypo-methylation have been associated with significant changes in some cells. Cells of the breast canter are usually hyper-methylated leading to neuroblastoma risks and response to the tamoxifen (Widschwendter et al., 2004; Martens et al., 2005). Hyper methylation has also been associated with Leukemia, Ovarian cancer and colorectal cancer (Baylin, 2005). The varying magnitudes of methylation in the cells are associated with different stages of cancer development, and DNA methylation technique can be used to determine the exact stage (Costello et al, 2000). Use of DNA and genes is made very easy by the availability of data of all genomes in the human body. Researchers can access this information anytime from the human genome project databases. Use of gene expression is a three step process that involves class comparison, class prediction and analyzing the va rious genes sets profiles. All this information is presented on pre-processed images which are normalized to make sense (Tarca et al, 2006). DNA microarrays are limiting in that they can only be used for know cells. This limitation necessitated the introduction of RNA sequencing in which unknown genes expression can be studied (Cloonan et al, 2008). Single cell sequencing in which the different types of healthy and cancerous cells can be sequenced individually has improved the effectiveness of DNA micro array studies. All the cells that are studies are amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to achieve better and accurate results (Wang and Bodovitz, 2010). Micro arrays can be used to analyze thousands of cells from different patients at once making it time efficient unlike the previous methods of analysis. The technique provides information on DNA, RNA and the proteins simultaneously. Throughput profiling can also be done at the product level of gene expression; proteins in this case are studied for any anomalies. Mass Spectrometry is used to determine the differences between normal cells and diseased cells for example cancer cells (Aebersold and Mann, 2003). This procedure has proved very important in detecting prostate cancer in early stages, which has been a major challenge. In this case, the fluids, peptides and serum from the prostate are examined using the SELDI mass spectrometer which uses affinity capture. Some cells are

'Nationalism has done more to shape the modern world system than Essay

'Nationalism has done more to shape the modern world system than anything else' Discuss - Essay Example The last section of this paper deals with the anti-colonial nationalism and the different forms of nationalism in both the new and old nation-states; finally, the paper draws a conclusion that nationalism has exerted a huge amount of influence on the modern world political system, in terms of both opposition and a claim to the modern state, which, however, shouldn’t be overestimated. Introduction Breuilly writes that the term ‘nationalism’ is used to denote a political movement seeking or exercising state power and justifying its actions with nationalist arguments, where the latter are seen as a political doctrine â€Å"built upon three basic assertions† (2). Thus, in the first place, there should be a nation with an explicit character, which is peculiar to that nation; secondly, the nation’s values and interests should take priority over all other suchlike; and last but not least, the attainment of political sovereignty is required (Breuilly 2). And erson, in turn, considers nationalism, along with nation and nationality, rather difficult for one to define let alone to analyze, and suggests that nationality and nationalism are cultural artifacts which have been transplanted to a variety of social terrains as well as merged with a corresponding variety of political and ideological constellations (3-4). On the other hand, as Seton-Watson points out, the ‘nation’ phenomenon â€Å"has existed and exists†, insofar as a significant number of people in a community possess national consciousness, i.e. consider themselves to have formed a nation, or behave as such. Hence, if a nationally conscious elite succeeded in creating a nation, it would be able to remain in power on the basis of that nation, and conversely (5). So, however one may go into nationalism – whether as a state of mind, the search for some sort of national identity or the expression of certain national consciousness – there’s no doubt that, as Breuilly put it, nationalism is, above and beyond anything else, about politics (1). Since politics is infinitely, if not exclusively, concerned with power and power, in the modern world, is mainly about the control of the state, nationalism, besides its cultural, ideological, class, etc. dimensions, is inevitably related to the objectives of obtaining and using the state power (Breuilly 1). Thus, the modern state, hence the modern state system and nationalism appear far too intertwined with each other, insofar as nationalist politics have given rise to the creation of many present-day nation-states, and could be held responsible for certain developments in others; and not surprisingly therefore, the modern state would offer â€Å"the key to an understanding of nationalism† (Breuilly 2). Origins of Nationalism - Prelude to Nationalism in Early Modern Europe The roots of modern nationalism could be traced back to the monarchical states of Western Europe in the e arly modern period (Breuilly 75; Seton-Watson 19-22). With the dramatic increase of state power by that time, the opposition to the state also increased and consolidated; as the state extended its authority over its subjects and diminished that of other institutions, like guilds, churches, etc., the idea of the ‘nation’ could be deemed to have achieved certain political relevance (Breuilly 75). This idea, however,

Improving Quality of Care Through Pain Management

Improving Quality of Care Through Pain Management Patrick Bobst A Qualitative Study Quantitative research involves testing hypotheses, making predictions, studying specific variables, collecting numbers and statistics, identifying statistical relationships, and making observations under controlled conditions (Johnson Christensen, 2008). None of the aforementioned attributes appear in chapter 17 â€Å"Improving the quality of care through pain assessment and management†. Hence. this chapter written byWells, Pasero, McCaffery, (2008) is a detailed deductive qualitative analysis which aims to increase opportunities to develop empirically supported ideas and theories with applicable relevance in the field of pain management for healthcare practitioners. Unlike inductive analysis, applied when not enough former knowledge about a phenomenon is known, deductive content analysis is used when the structure of analysis is initiated based on previous knowledge and with the intent to test a theory(Elos Helvi, 2008). The authors of chapter 17 provided qualitative resea rch by studying the issue of pain control as a whole without immersion into variables. They defined the purpose of the study by subjectively understanding and interpreting interactions with words, identifying patterns and themes, and making observations of occurrences in a natural environment(Johnson Christensen, 2008). Qualitative research is more concerned with describing social meaning and therefore provides the flexibility to follow ideas and explore processes(McGonigle Mastrian, 2012). Research Problem The level of pain a patient experiences is emerging as the fifth vital sign in health assessments statuses (Ju-Ling Wen-Chu, 2013). Pain is a common occurrence and an expectation in hospitalized patients especially during the postoperative period; yet despite the availability of analgesics along with national guidelines to manage pain a disconnect remains in in proper pain management resulting in undertreatment for about 50% of patients with moderate to severe pain(Wells et al., 2008). Inadequately managed pain can lead to an arsenal of negative adverse physical and psychological outcomes including immune system suppression resulting in infections and poor healing, sympathetic activation causing cardiac ischemia and ileus, reducing mobility resulting in deep vein thrombosis, as well as pulmonary embolus, or pneumonia(Nwachukwu, 2012). All mentioned adverse conditions carry along the potential consequence of extending a patient’s length of stay in the hospital decreasing patie nt satisfaction and increasing organizational costs(Nwachukwu, 2012). The Affordable Care Act of 2010 has established changes in the way hospitals are reimbursed for services. Value-based purchasing has come to the forefront in the healthcare industry with the centers for Medicare and Medicaid services (CMS) withholding full reimbursements for poor quality care or even nonpayment for patients readmitted within 30 days. Low patient satisfaction score indicators being tracked by CMS will not only affect an organization’s bottom line but also stand to lose its reputation(Wells et al., 2008). When pain is not managed properly through an organization’s pain management policy and procedure guideline the entire collaborative team responsible for managing a patient’s pain may be liable for legal action(Wells et al., 2008). Research Translated Into Practice The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) focuses on current issues, patient safety and quality of healthcare providing practitioners the best research for optimal patient outcomes. AHRQ is an active participant in pushing evidence forward into practice with its Translating Research Into Practice (TRIP) initiative to generate knowledge about evidence-based care and with the TRIP-II initiative the focus is on utilizing information technology to affect translational research and health policy (McGonigle Mastrian, 2012). The TRIP database is a clinical search engine designed to identify high-quality clinical evidence for clinical practice that utilizes contextual issues such as the magnitude of the health issue, economic costs of the problem, the reliability, relevance, and validity of the data along with the quality and consistency of the evidence (Glasgow Emmons, 2007). The authors in the pain assessment and pain management research study utilized the TRIP database probi ng for the terms â€Å"pain assessment† and â€Å"pain management† in the literature search, filtered only the English language and publications dated within the last 10 years, meta-analysis, practice guidelines, literature reviews, clinical trials, and random clinical trials (RCT). To use evidence in practice, the validity of research is evaluated on an evidential hierarchy that is defined and the value is assigned to the information source on a scale from 1 to 6, one being the highest evidence from a systemic review and six being the evidence from the opinion of experts(McGonigle Mastrian, 2012). The evidence table provided by the authors in the pain assessment and pain management study exhibits excellent research validity with multiple design types rating high on the evidential hierarchy scale listing. The authors utilized evidence from a meta-analysis study (Level 1), twelve RCT studies (Level 2), seven systematic literature reviews (Level 5), three literature rev iews (Level 6), and one qualitative massage study (Level 7)(Melnyk Fineout-Overholt, 2011). The RCT is considered the most reliable source of evidence in the hierarchy and the meta-analysis is the best quality evidence because it uses a multiple individual research studies to come to a consensus (McGonigle Mastrian, 2012). Practice Implications The implications of this TRIP intervention designed to increase the use of evidence-based practice (EBP) in pain assessment and management highlights scientific evidence for practitioners to augment their clinical decision-making. Recommendations for successful implementation of pain assessment and management include education, the utilization of appropriate tools in pain assessment, a multimodal analgesic approach, continuous evaluation, and an established organizational pain management guideline. Patient and family education has been a central recommendation regarding pain management prior to any surgical procedure in that comprehensive pain evaluations can uncover patient’s attitudes, beliefs, level of knowledge, and unrealistic expectations that can be addressed(Wells et al., 2008). Wells et al. (2008) found that frequent communication, shared goals, and shared knowledge in education contributed to better pain outcomes. The most critical aspect of proper pain management is assessing pain levels on a regular basis using a standard format, and in order to meet the patient’s needs pain should be reassessed after each intervention evaluating the effects and determining whether modification is needed(Wells et al., 2008). Based upon systematic reviews of pain quality improvement studies the emphasis has shifted from processes to outcomes where clinicians recognize and treat pain promptly, involve patients and families in pain management plans, adjust pain management plans as needed, and monitor processes and outcomes(Wells et al., 2008). Utilizing a multimodal approach for pain management is recommended which includes opioids, and non-opioids such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and adjunct medications such as anticonvulsants can improve the safety of the therapy (Wells et al., 2008). With safety issues regarding the use of morphine, hydromorphone, and fentyal clinicians need to be educated about safe pain management to help prevent undertr eatment of pain and the resulting harmful effects. A series of systematic reviews indicate poor results and outcomes using the intramuscular route (IM) administering of an opioid analgesic (Wells et al., 2008). The IM route is painful, has an unreliable absorption time and can be dangerous since patients are often alone at the time of peak affect and can become excessively sedated, vomit, and aspiratenevertheless produces the poorest outcomes (Wells et al., 2008). Unfortunately,Wells et al. (2008) describe the evidence for nondrug techniques of pain management including relaxation, music, massage, heat and cold therapies are neither supportive nor consistent, are considered weak in reducing acute pain, and may not improve outcomes. Ample evidence revealed the appropriate use of analgesics with the proper drug at the correct interval can provide good pain relief for the majority of patients, and organizations should place their emphasis on improving assessments and administration tec hniques (Wells et al., 2008). The psychological, emotional, and financial toll of uncontrolled pain is monumental and everyone experiencing discomfort because of pain justly expects and needs to receive appropriate pain management. Research Implications The research provided supports the evidence-based treatments with analgesics in the management of pain, and appears to be effective in controlling acute pain. However, the undertreatment of acute pain remains prevalent due to the clinician’ behaviors, which includes inadequate pain knowledge, assessment skills and administration of analgesics (Wells et al., 2008). Krenzischek, Wilson, Newhouse, Mamaril, Kane (2004) also assert a lack of pain management knowledge and the reduced usage of clinical practice guidelines is a high contributor in poor pain management. Research is needed for effective strategies in changing clinician attitudes and behaviors that will result in better pain management for patients as well as non-drug therapies (Wells et al., 2008). Wells et al. (2008) asserts, â€Å"Lack of standardization of nondrug therapies is one of the drawbacks of the current literature† (p. 11). Integration of Informatics The authors of this study integrated informatics through data, information and knowledge to support clinicians and patients in their decision-making regarding the best practices in accomplishing favorable outcomes and to improve the quality of care through pain assessment and management. Wells et al. (2008) utilized the informatics infrastructure to seek and manage validated studies from various sources, capture proper demographic, treatment and outcome information, and the AHRQ to share project information, results, and insights. The informatics infrastructure is critical to EBP and promotes the use of clinical judgment and knowledge with procedures and protocols to what is scientifically proven rather than what is customary(McGonigle Mastrian, 2012). The paradigm of â€Å"this is the way I’ve done it for years â€Å"is no longer acceptable and it is upon clinicians to apply the aforementioned viable knowledge, experience, understanding, and insight derived from EBP throug h informatics to gain and synthesize the effervescent wisdom needed for high quality patient care and optimal outcomes. References Elos, S., Helvi, K. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x Glasgow, R., Emmons, K. (2007). How can we increase translation of research and to practice? Types of evidence needed. Annual Review of Public Health, 28, 413-433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144145 Johnson, B., Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Ju-Ling, H., Wen-Chu, W. (2013). Factors of accepting pain management decision support systems by nurse anesthetists. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 13(16), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6947-13-16 Krenzischek, D. A., Wilson, L., Newhouse, R., Mamaril, M., Kane, H. L. (2004). Clinical evaluation of the ASPAN pain and comfort clinical guideline. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 19(3), 150-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2004.03.003 McGonigle, D., Mastrian, K. G. (2012). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett. Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, E. (2011). Evidence-based practice in nursing and healthcare: A guide to best practice (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Nwachukwu, C. N. (2012). Decreasing pain and length of stay in the post anesthesia care unit (PACU) by implementing the ASPAN pain and comfort guidelines (Doctoral dissertation, The Catholic University of America). Retrieved from http://aladinrc.wrlc.org/bitstream/handle/1961/10269/Nwachukwu_cua_0043A_10311display.pdf?sequence=1 Wells, N., Pasero, C., McCaffery, M. (2008). Improving the quality of care through pain assessment and management. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

Character Growth in Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart of Darkne

Character Growth in Conrad's Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness explores the intellectual, emotional and moral growth of characters throughout the novella. This character growth has been a recurring theme in literature, with the poet William Blake, among many others, exploring theories of the movement between innocence to experience. Although Conrad does not strictly address character growth in this manner, characters that do and do not undergo psychological growth are portrayed quite differently. Those who undergo these psychological changes are portrayed favorably, that is Marlow, the frame narrator, and Kurtz. These characters throughout the novel undergo significant change, for some it is gradual (Marlow), but for others such as Kurtz, this growth or realization occurs rapidly, and almost too late. While European colonialists - characters that do not grow, or remain at the stagnant psychological level - are used to represent the anti-colonialism theme to the readers. Conrad utilizes c haracters, and their psychological growth (or lack of growth) to distance himself from the narrative and endorse or criticize many themes that would be seen as revolutionary in the context of its publication. A large gap is then depicted between the characters who grow, portrayed as "enlightened" beings, and the pilgrims and European colonialists, who are seen in a colonial point of view as perfect examples of good, however portrayed by Conrad as stagnant, "Hollow men", whose aims and ideals are criticized.       The frame narrator, although not a major character in the novella, undergoes significant psychological growth throughout the text. This growth can be broadly divided into three phases - the initia... ...hed ways of thinking, have a faà §ade of bringing culture and progress to a world devoid of these elements, yet are merely "hollow men". They are merely acting as products for the indefinable aims of colonialism and in turn, move the readership to reject their ideals, emphasize the "enlightened" (those who grow) and encourage a similar psychological journey of the readership.          Bibliography    Conrad, J. (1995). Heart of Darkness. London: Penguin Group.    Dintenfass, M. (1996, March) Heart of Darkness Lecture. [WWW document]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   URL http://www.lawrence.edu    Maes-Jelinek, H. Notes on Heart of Darkness    Moon, B. (1992). Literary Terms A practical Glossary. Perth: Chalkface Press P/L    Analysis of Major Characters. [WWW document]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   URL http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/heart/characteranalysis.htm      

Psychoanalysis of Crime Essay

An individual’s sense of self has always been an issue that fascinated people. Under the notion that most people enjoy talking about themselves, the realm of psychology opened its doors to investigate the underlying conditions that make people who they are and how they perceive others and the world. Many theories have been developed in order to understand the complexities that make up the human psyche and it is in this aspect that this paper will center upon. The theory which I have chosen for this particular case study is the Psychoanalytic theory by Sigmund Freud and I believe this theory will address most of the behavioral patterns that the subject is situated in. Freud’s psychoanalytic style in examining an individual’s motives for behavior has established the grounds for in-depth analysis into a person’s psyche and though it has its limitation, it offers a refreshing viewpoint as to why such behaviors have endured and its significance to an individual’s interpretation of the world (Shoham, 1993). Psychoanalysis has helped in putting into perspective the many ways in which behaviors of an individual or groups of individuals could be determined by the examining their upbringing and isolating internal and external desires. One of the major conjectures of psychoanalysis is that individuals are inherently sinful and they are controlled by certain instincts which are buried in one’s subconscious. The psychoanalytic theory attempts to realize these internal desires in order to determine the right kind of action in which the individual might be able to control a problematic behavior from recurring (Elliott, 2002). In order to see the application of the psychoanalytical theory, a brief background of the case study should be presented to comprehend the situation. The case study involves a twenty-eight year old man named Bert who was convicted of committing larceny. In the article, Bert was condemned to serve a four year sentence in prison with eighteen months non-parole. Admitting to the crime he had committed, he was said to have been accompanied by two accomplices whom he knew from his previous prison sentence. It was relayed that Bert had entered a pub one night and was approached by the two accomplices who urged him to join them rob a factory. Nine weeks before the incident, Bert was out of prison after serving a year in prison for getting caught with stolen goods. In Freud’s Division of the mind, he enlists the concept of the Id, Superego and Ego. The Id is supposed to uphold the baser instincts that are present in each individual. It dispenses on the precepts of pleasure to satisfy the innate wants of the individual. The Superego comprises the ethical or moral aspect of the individual that appeals to an ideal sense of being. The Ego is said to be the balancing aspect of the individual’s personality as it maintains the needs and wants of both the Id and the Superego. The Ego represents the awareness of an individual regarding his/her state of being (Shoham, 1993). If the processes that harmonize these three should ever be disrupted, it would render uneasiness to the individual’s psyche and cause him/her to employ some defense mechanisms that would be able to shield the ego. The psychoanalysis in Bert’s case encompasses a great deal of struggle between his superego and id, as can be denoted when he points out that he is frustrated with himself for not being able to avoid criminal activities. This is described as an over-developed superego, which imposes an excessive need for punishment with regard to the things the individual has wrongly committed or the unpleasant experiences that has brought misery into the individual’s life (Shoham, 1993). In the text, Bert was said to have grown-up in a dysfunctional family and that his absentee father was also a criminal who often displayed a violent attitude towards the family whenever he was home. In this aspect, Bert’s rationale on punishing himself was an act of regression in an early state of his life that involved his father (Shoham, 1993). The illegal acts Bert has committed during his early teens and the subsequent trips to juvenile and adult institutions has led him to think that he should be penalized for the things that he has done and for belonging to a family that breeds criminals.. In a sense, Bert might be trying to compensate for his father’s mistake of abandoning his children with regard to his wife and kids and most especially, his brothers and sister. This kind of rationalization instills tension into his being, which makes him unconsciously commit illegal activities despite his efforts to reform his life (Shoham, 1993). As a result of this conflict, Bert reasons out in a defying way that even though he acknowledges his wrongdoing, he believes that it is under the influence of alcohol and the two conspirators with him the night of the criminal activity. Bert also pointed out that the long sentence designated to the criminal act that he had committed was a bit unreasonable since he only stole goods from a factory and not a private residence. Based on these statements, Bert had shown feelings of contradiction between his guilt for what he had done and his comprehension of the situation as he puts the blame on other sources in lieu of himself. In the case study, Bert was thought of to be a pushover by the law officers as the former would get caught up in situations that force him to do things that should best be avoided (Elliot, 2002). Parallel to his over-developed superego, Bert’s behavior also displays a weak Ego in conjunction with his Id. His inability to stand his ground in moral situations and his inadequacy in delivering good judgments makes him a pawn for manipulative individuals like the two conspirators whom Bert met at the pub (Shoham, 1993). In this situation, it is quite clear that he is still in denial of what he has done since he has not fully accepted the responsibility for the criminal act. However, in another statement, he also did not want to cooperate with the law enforcers in identifying who were his accomplices in committing larceny. This posits a rather confusing behavior as Bert did not want to admit fully to the crime committed yet he does his conspirators a favor and refuses to give out their names to the law officers as he believes that he is not one to break the code of brotherhood. This act alone concurs with the insight made earlier about his desire to be punished for being a criminal (Rosen, 1996). On another note, Bert has tried to justify the crime he had committed by rationalizing the triviality of robbing the factory and that a long sentence was not necessary. He seems to suppress the mere fact that he has a long track record of criminal activities that warrants for the current court verdict. With this in mind, one can deduce that Bert still thinks of himself as a misguided youth. Such display of reasoning implicates how the environment he grew up in greatly influenced his decisions in life (Shoham, 1993). His lack of a formal education and emotional nurture at home resulted to his rebellious conduct and misplaced aggression that could only be attributed to his family’s situation. Bert’s leanings toward alcoholism may be credited to his undeveloped oral stage, which his mother could not properly provide as the strains of his father being in prison and the abuses that his mother and siblings received from him deprived Bert of a normal transition into the next stages of development (Shoham, 1993). In addition, his father’s drunken presence at the puberty stage predisposed him and his older brothers to acclimate a life of criminal activities since that might have been the only way that he could be with his father who was gone most of the time. While he was third among the two boys in his family, he could not look up to his older brothers as they too were undependable for the nurturing in which he sought from his parents (Shoham, 1993). It is in this aspect that one can observe the oedipal complex that Freud has included in his Stages of Development theory as it demonstrates the lack of attention and love that Bert wanted from his father (Shoham, 1993). Bert’s unresolved intimacy issues from both his parents compelled him to project this in an unhealthy lifestyle through alcohol and a string of criminal records. In defense of the two conspirators, Bert might have felt a sense of belongingness in their company since they understood his situation more than anyone, which is why he was adamant to not cooperate with the law enforcers (Shoham, 1993). Bert’s yearning to successfully reform may be hampered by his own moral perceptions as he is not able to grasp the consequences his actions have merited him. While he is affected by what happens with his wife and two children, he cannot instinctively change his ways without going through therapy or some form of rehabilitation to straighten his ways. Bert’s situation could have been easily avoided if he has learned to act on his own. Since his lack of education poses a hindrance to the development of his being, one could suggest that individuals like Bert who are frequently law breakers should be also be subjected to an education in their correction facilities aside from the terms that they serve (Kline, 1987). According to Lester and Van Voorhis’ book â€Å"Psychoanalytic therapy†, criminal convicts like Bert should not be subjected to environments that derail their development. Since most these convicts are not well-equipped with the right attitude to stay off the streets, correctional facilities should be able to provide such services that will be able to aid them to commit to reformation. Support from family and close friends should also be encouraged though for most of these convicts, it would seem quite difficult as most of them don’t have a strong support base (p. 122). From Kline’s book â€Å"Psychoanalysis and crime†, it has been suggested that creating a viable environment for these convicts when they got out is necessary as that will sustain their progress for development and would make them not want to seek the confines of the prison walls as they will be able to feel part of the society again. This entails releasing them in an environment where temptations would not abound and provide them with jobs that does not degrade their sense of being (p. 60). Analyzing Bert’s case in the psychoanalytic perspective has provided grounds on in which correctional facilities should be able to help convicts to maintain a reformed life.

Free Trade V.S. Command Economy Essay - 797 Words

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